(2021年5月修订)

农业农村部农业机械化管理司 农业农村部农业机械化总站 农业农村部农作物生产全程机械化推进专家指导组

本技术指导意见适用于全喂入联合收割机的小麦收获作业。在一定区域内，小麦品种及种植模式应尽量规范一致，作物及田块条件适于机械化收获。机手应提前检查调试好机具，确定适宜收割期，执行小麦机收作业质量标准和操作规程，努力减少收获环节损失。

一、作业前机具准备

开始作业前要保持机具良好工作状态，预防和减少作业故障，提高作业质量和效率。

(一)机具检查

作业季节开始前要依据产品使用说明书对联合收割机进行一次全面检查与保养，确保机具在整个收获期能正常工作。经重新安装、保养或修理后的小麦联合收割机要认真做好试运转，先局部后整体，认真检查行走、转向、收割、输送、脱粒、清选、卸粮等机构的运转、传动、操作、间隙等情况，检查有无异常响声和三漏情况，发现问题及时解决。要检查各操纵装置功能是否正常；离合器、制动踏板自由行程是否适当；发动机机油、冷却液是否适量；仪表板各指示是否正常；轮胎气压是否正常；传动链、张紧轮是否松动或损伤，运动是否灵活可靠；检查和调整各传动皮带的张紧度，防止作业时皮带打滑；重要部位螺栓、螺母有无松动；有无漏水、渗漏油现象；割台、机架等部件有无变形等。备足备好田间作业常用工具、零配件、易损零配件及油料等，以便出现故障时能够及时排除。

(二)试割

正式开始作业前要选择有代表性的地块进行试割。试割作业行进长度以30米左右为宜，根据作物、田块的条件确定适合的收割速度，对照作业质量标准仔细检查损失、破碎、含杂等情况，有无漏割、堵草、跑粮等异常情况，并以此为依据对割刀间隙、脱粒间隙、筛子开度和(或)风扇风量等视情况进行必要调整。调整后再进行试割并检测，直至达到质量标准和农户要求。作物品种、田块条件有变化要重新试割和调试机具。试割过程中，应注意观察、倾听机器工作状况，发现异常及时解决。

二、确定适宜收获时间

小麦机收宜在蜡熟末期至完熟初期进行，此时产量最高，品质最好。小麦成熟期主要特征：蜡熟中期下部叶片干黄，茎秆有弹性，籽粒转黄色，饱满而湿润，籽粒含水率25%-30%。蜡熟末期植株变黄，仅叶鞘茎部略带绿色，茎秆仍有弹性，籽粒黄色稍硬，内含物呈蜡状，含水率20%-25%。完熟初期叶片枯黄，籽粒变硬，呈品种本色，含水率在20%以下。

确定收获时间，还要根据当时的天气情况、品种特性和栽培条件，合理安排收割顺序，做到因地制宜、适时抢收，确保颗粒归仓。小面积收获宜在蜡熟末期，大面积收获宜在蜡熟中期，以使大部分小麦在适收期内收获。留种用的麦田宜在完熟期收获。如遇雨季迫近，或急需抢种下茬作物，或品种易落粒、折秆、折穗、穗上发芽等情况，应适当提前收获时间。

三、机收作业质量要求

机收作业时应严格按下表中作业质量标准执行。

小麦全喂入联合收割机作业质量标准

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四、减少机收环节损失的措施

作业过程中，应选择适当的作业参数，并根据自然条件和作物条件的不同及时对机具进行调整，使联合收割机保持良好的工作状态，减少机收损失，提高作业质量。

(一)选择作业行走路线

联合收割机作业一般可采取顺时针向心回转、逆时针向心回转、梭形收割三种行走方法。在具体作业时，机手应根据地块实际情况灵活选用。转弯时应停止收割，将割台升起，采用倒车法转弯或兜圈法直角转弯，不要边割边转弯，以防因分禾器、行走轮或履带压倒未割麦子，造成漏割损失。

(二)选择作业速度

根据联合收割机自身喂入量、小麦产量、自然高度、干湿程度等因素选择合理的作业速度。作业过程中应尽量保持发动机在额定转速下运转。通常情况下，采用正常作业速度进行收割，尽量避免急加速或急减速。当小麦稠密、植株大、产量高、早晚及雨后作物湿度大时，应适当降低作业速度。

(三)调整作业幅宽

在负荷允许的情况下，控制好作业速度，尽量满幅或接近满幅工作，保证作物喂入均匀，防止喂入量过大，影响脱粒质量。当小麦产量高、湿度大或者留茬高度过低时，以低速作业仍超载时，适当减小割幅，一般减少到80%，以保证小麦的收割质量。

(四)保持合适的留茬高度

割茬高度应根据小麦的高度和地块的平整情况而定，一般以5-15厘米为宜。割茬过高，由于小麦高低不一或机车过田埂时割台上下波动，易造成部分小麦漏割，同时，拨禾轮的拨禾推禾作用减弱，易造成落地损失。在保证正常收割的情况下，割茬尽量低些，但最低不得小于5厘米，以免切割泥土，加快切割器磨损。

(五)调整拨禾轮速度和位置

调整拨禾轮的转速，使拨禾轮线速度为联合收割机前进速度的1.1-1.2倍，不宜过高。拨禾轮高低位置应使拨禾板作用在被切割作物2/3处为宜，其前后位置应视作物密度和倒伏程度而定，当作物植株密度大并且倒伏时，适当前移，以增强扶禾能力。拨禾轮转速过高、位置偏高或偏前，都易增加穗头籽粒脱落，使作业损失增加。

(六)调整脱粒、清选等工作部件

脱粒滚筒的转速、脱粒间隙和导流板角度的大小，是影响小麦脱净率、破碎率的重要因素。在保证破碎率不超标的前提下，可通过适当提高脱粒滚筒的转速，减小滚筒与凹板之间的间隙，正确调整入口与出口间隙之比(应为4∶1)等措施，提高脱净率，减少脱粒损失。清选损失和含杂率是对立的，调整中要统筹考虑。在保证含杂率不超标的前提下，可通过适当减小风扇风量、调大筛子的开度及提高尾筛位置等，减少清选损失。作业中要经常检查逐稿器机箱内秸秆堵塞情况，及时清理，轴流滚筒可适当减小喂入量和提高滚筒转速，以减少分离损失。对于清选结构上有排草挡板的，在含杂、损失较高时，可通过调整排草板上下高度减少损失。

(七)收割倒伏作物

适当降低割茬，以减少漏割；拨禾轮适当前移，拨禾弹齿后倾15-30度，或者安装专用的扶禾器，以增强扶禾作用。倒伏较严重的作物，采取逆倒伏方向收获、降低作业速度或减少喂入量等措施。

(八)收割过熟作物

小麦过度成熟时，茎秆过干易折断、麦粒易脱落，脱粒后碎茎秆增加易引起清选困难，收割时应适当调低拨禾轮转速，防止拨禾轮板击打麦穗造成掉粒损失，同时降低作业速度，适当调整清选筛开度，也可安排在早晨或傍晚茎秆韧性较大时收割。

(九)规范作业操作

作业时应根据作物品种、高度、产量、成熟程度及秸秆含水率等情况来选择作业挡位，用作业速度、割茬高度及工作幅宽来调整喂入量，使机器在额定负荷下工作，尽量降低夹带损失，避免发生堵塞故障。要经常检查凹板筛和清选筛的筛面，防止被泥土或潮湿物堵死造成粮食损失，如有堵塞要及时清理。

(十)在线监测

如有条件，可在收割机上装配损失率、含杂率、破碎率在线监测装置，驾驶员根据在线监测装置提示的相关指标、曲线，适时调整作业速度、喂入量、留茬高度等作业状态参数，得到并保持损失率、含杂率、破碎率较理想的作业状态。

五、培训与监督

机手、种植户和从事收获质量监督的乡镇农机管理人员应经过培训，掌握小麦品种、籽粒含水率、种植模式、收割地形等方面的知识，掌握收割机的正确使用、维护保养知识以及作业质量标准要求。鼓励种植户与机手签订收获作业损失协议，农机管理人员可通过巡回检查监督作业损失等情况，并在损失偏大或出现其他不合乎要求情形时，要求机手调整，仍然不合要求的，应更换作业机器。

以上是网络信息转载，信息真实性自行斟酌。